Why not to flush toilet paper? - The Environmental Literacy Council (2025)

The question of whether or not to flush toilet paper may seem straightforward, but it’s actually a complex issue with implications for your plumbing, the environment, and even cultural norms. The simple answer to why you might reconsider flushing toilet paper is this: while it’s designed to break down, it’s not always as straightforward as it seems. Though the majority of toilet paper does dissolve, the remaining portion can contribute to sludge buildup, and, under certain circumstances, even create significant problems. This seemingly innocuous habit, deeply ingrained in many cultures, warrants a closer look.

The Breakdown of Toilet Paper: More Complicated Than You Think

It’s true that most toilet paper is designed to disintegrate in water. However, this disintegration isn’t always complete, or immediate. As the article excerpt highlights, only about 95% of toilet paper dissolves during the treatment process. This means that the remaining 5% contributes to sludge, which can lead to various issues.

Sludge Buildup and Environmental Concerns

This residual sludge can accumulate in wastewater treatment plants, necessitating extra processing, and in some cases, may end up in landfills or on agricultural land. This not only adds to the burden on treatment facilities but also contributes to the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, as the bacteria breakdown the material. While the amount may be small on an individual basis, the collective impact of billions of people flushing toilet paper can become significant.

Plumbing Problems and Older Infrastructure

Beyond environmental issues, flushing too much toilet paper, especially higher-end, thicker varieties, can lead to blockages in drain pipes. This is particularly true in older homes with outdated plumbing. These blockages can range from minor annoyances to costly and messy plumbing emergencies. Limiting the amount of toilet paper you flush at one time is generally good practice to prevent issues.

The Global Perspective: Why Some Cultures Don’t Flush

The flushing of toilet paper is not a universal norm. Many countries around the world have different practices, often based on infrastructure limitations. Some regions have narrow pipes or wastewater systems that aren’t equipped to handle the breakdown of toilet paper. In these places, it’s customary to throw used toilet paper into a waste bin or, increasingly, utilize bidets as the primary means of cleaning.

What About Alternatives?

The conversation about flushing or not flushing brings up the topic of alternatives. Bidets are a popular and effective option, providing a more hygienic and gentle cleaning experience. They also reduce the overall consumption of toilet paper. Other alternatives include reusable cloths, baby wipes (though not flushable), and even sponges. Each of these has its pros and cons, and considerations for proper use and disposal.

The Bottom Line

While flushing toilet paper is considered acceptable in most places within the United States and many other parts of the world, understanding the potential downsides is important. Awareness of the environmental impact, plumbing risks, and global alternatives can help inform responsible habits. In summary, the “problem” of flushing toilet paper stems from:

• incomplete breakdown of the product
• the strain on sewage systems
• potential for clogs
• the production of greenhouse gas

The best course of action is to be mindful of how much toilet paper you use, avoid flushing anything else down the toilet, and explore alternatives when applicable.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Flushing Toilet Paper

Here are 15 commonly asked questions related to flushing toilet paper, with clear and informative answers:

1. Why is toilet paper designed to dissolve?

Toilet paper is designed to dissolve to prevent blockages in plumbing systems and wastewater treatment plants. The fibers are shorter and more loosely bound than other types of paper, allowing it to break down more easily in water.

2. What happens if you flush something other than toilet paper?

Flushing non-flushable items, such as wipes, paper towels, and feminine hygiene products, can lead to severe blockages in pipes and septic systems, often resulting in expensive plumbing repairs. These items do not break down like toilet paper and can cause major issues.

3. Why do some places use a bin for toilet paper?

Countries with older or narrower plumbing systems often use bins for toilet paper due to the inability of their infrastructure to process it efficiently. This helps prevent clogs and strain on their wastewater systems.

4. Can high-quality toilet paper cause more problems when flushed?

Yes, high-quality toilet paper, which tends to be thicker and more absorbent, can create more blockages, especially if used in large quantities or in homes with older plumbing.

5. Is it better for the environment to throw toilet paper in the trash?

While throwing toilet paper in the trash might seem environmentally friendly, it can pose other issues in terms of landfill space and decomposition processes. The best route is to use toilet paper sparingly and choose more eco-friendly options when possible.

6. Are flushable wipes actually flushable?

The term “flushable wipes” is often misleading. Even those labeled flushable can still cause significant problems with plumbing and sewage systems. It’s generally best to discard them in the trash.

7. What is the best alternative to using toilet paper?

A bidet is considered the most hygienic and environmentally friendly alternative to toilet paper. They use water to cleanse and significantly reduce the need for paper.

8. Can you flush pubic hair down the toilet?

It’s best to dispose of hair, including pubic hair, in the trash. Hair doesn’t dissolve and can contribute to blockages in pipes over time.

9. Is it safe to flush a paper towel?

Never flush a paper towel. Paper towels are made with stronger, less water-soluble fibers designed to hold liquids which will cause significant problems within your plumbing system.

10. Can you flush toilet paper in NYC?

Yes, in NYC, you can flush toilet paper. The city’s infrastructure is designed to handle it. However, it’s still essential to only flush toilet paper.

11. Is flushing toilet paper bad for septic systems?

As long as you’re flushing regular, designated toilet paper, it should be safe for a septic system. However, excessive use of thicker toilet paper or flushing other items can still cause problems.

12. Can you flush Charmin toilet paper?

Yes, Charmin toilet paper is designed to be flushable. The company tests its products for flushability to ensure they will break down safely.

13. Is water or toilet paper more hygienic?

Washing with water (using a bidet) is generally considered more hygienic than using toilet paper. Water removes more germs and bacteria, offering a superior and gentler clean.

14. Is it okay for adults to use baby wipes instead of toilet paper?

While some adults find that baby wipes feel cleaner, they are not flushable and should be disposed of in the trash. Regular use of baby wipes can also disrupt the healthy bacteria on your skin.

15. How do you dry after using a bidet?

The most common method for drying after using a bidet is to pat dry with a small amount of toilet paper. This ensures hygiene without causing irritation.

By understanding the intricacies of flushing toilet paper, you can make more informed decisions that benefit your home, the environment, and overall health. While it is a widespread practice, recognizing the potential pitfalls allows for responsible usage and consideration of alternatives.